Pain Dictionary

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Receptor

Protein that binds a specific extracellular signalling molecule (ligand) and initiates a response in the cell. Cell surface receptors, such as acetylcholine receptor and the insulin receptor, are located in the plasma membrane, with their ligand-binding site exposed to the external medium. Intracellular receptors, such as steroid hormone receptors, bind ligands that diffuse into the cell across the cell membrane.

Recombinant DNA

Any DNA molecule formed by joining DNA segments from different sources. Recombinant DNAs are widely used in the cloning of genes, in the genetic modification of organisms, and in molecular biology in general. This process is used when creating substances such as growth factors artificially, by inserting appropriate genetic material in e.g. bacteria or yeast cells.

Resistance

Resistance/Insensitivity is the ability of a microbe to resist antimicrobial agents.

Ribosome

Particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins that associate with messenger RNA and catalyses the synthesis of protein. Each cell contains thousands of ribosomes comprising 25% of the cell's mass. Some ribosomes are stationary and are embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum, others are mobile and injects the newly synthesized proteins directly into the cytoplasm.